Iran-Taliban relations can be divided into three periods. The first period includes from the early 1370s to the end of this decade. Relations between Iran and the Taliban were competitive during this period. The second period includes the early 1380s to 1400s. In this period, despite the initial divergence, Iran and the Taliban moved towards cooperation. The third period includes from 1400 onwards. In this period, the cooperation between Iran and the Taliban in the previous period has given way to competition. The question of this article is, what are the reasons that made the relations between Iran and the Taliban more competitive in this period? The hypothesis of the article, which has been investigated in a descriptive-analytical way, is that the disappearance of the common threat and the formation of incompatible interests have made the relations between Iran and the Taliban more competitive. The findings of the article showed that the cooperation between Iran and the Taliban in the past period was due to the existence of a common enemy called America, as well as the compatibility preferences that were created in the decision-making apparatus of Iran and the Taliban. Now, with the disappearance of the common threat and the return of incompatible preferences that existed in the first period of Iran-Taliban relations, the relations between the two sides have become competitive.

The green lacewing, Chrysoperla lucasina is considered as a predator of the common pistachio psylla, Agonoscena pistaciae in the pistachio plantation areas of Rafsanjan, Iran. Some biological parameters of the green lacewing were examined under controlled conditions using three constant temperatures e.g., 25, 27.5 and 30oC, and four prey diets e.g., 4th instar pistachio psyllid nymphs, eggs and 1st instar pistachio psyllid nymphs, cowpea aphid nymphs, Aphis craccivora and flour moth’s eggs, Sitotroga cerealella. The results showed that both temperature and diet regimes influence on preimaginal development and survival of the predatory lacewing significantly. Developmental period of larvae were shortest while fed on either cowpea aphid nymphs or 4th instar pistachio psyllid nymphs and temperature of 30oC. The weight of green lacewing cocoons were higher for those reared on 4th instar pistachio psyllid nymphs in larval stage. The larvae of C. lucasina fed on 1016, 4th instar psyllid nymphs and 315, 3rd instar cowpea aphids through the whole larval period at 30oC. The preimaginal diets caused significant influence on fecundity and longevity of adult green lacewing. The reproduction potential of green lacewing was declined by increasing temperature through 22.5 to 32.5oC severely. The intrinsic rate of natural increases (rm) of this insect was obtained 0.11 and 0.09 while it was reared using 4th instar pistachio psyllid nymphs and flour moth's eggs at 25oC through larval stage repectively.

Introduction: The ability of asexual multiplicity (reproductions) of developed animal cells, cloning, currently is the hottest discovery (rumbustious accomplishment) in the field of science. The most successful result of scientific research activity is «dolly», the first mammal cloned from the cell of an adult animal. Primary concerned about cloning has got more serious after starting of human cloning and has confronted cloning to governmental conflict over the word.Discussion: There are different types of cloning technologies, somatic cell nuclear transfer, horticultural, Roslyn.Human cloning is the creation of a genetically identical copy of human and classified into reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning. The medical aim of reproductive cloning is to treat infertility and reproduce human with predestinated.Therapeutic cloning is helpful to generate or transplant degenerated or damaged organs, in this technique blastocysphase cells may be used.Conclusion: Moral problems has widely restricted per productive cloning, but conflicts against the therapeutic cloning are faced to more mildness, and majority of the countries had allowed cell researches for therapeutic cloning under special supervisory protocols

This research aims to study the role of linguistic and media representation in the formation of geopolitical discourse on imaginary enemy. The current research has been accomplished on the basis of descriptive methodology, linguistic viewpoints and Foucaudian discourse. As Foucault believes that nothing significant exists outside the discourse, the imaginary enemy is also on world’s cultural and political structures existing under the framework of discourse and power relationship in order to political and cultural hegemony against “other” culture, creed and sect etc.The results of this study shows that political actors and media institutions have used different methods such as inhuman representation of rivals, excessive prevalence, selectivity, transition, releasing part of truth, projection, identicalization, resorting to war, labeling, distinguishing, retroversion, projection, negativity and positivity, discursive closures, selecting bad from worse, using two factual news to legitimize a false one, using signs and symbols, media credibility, humiliating and ridiculing, creating fear and terror, disinformation, delusive generalization, color politics, using false cartographic technique, geopolitical metaphors, message repetition so that they could they could produce and fix the idea and image of imaginary enemy on general public opinion.

Although otherization plays an important role in influencing the creation of human identity, its extreme form in which outsider is transformed into anti-insider (enemy) creates a sort of domineering system with the supremacy of a special discourse over other discourses or systems of meaning. The present paper is an attempt to discuss the benefits incurring from perceived enemy for the discursive systems. Although the ethical nature of the perceived enemy is always doubtful, its benefits are so great that the discursive systems more or less through its verbal and media presentation try to reproduce it. The findings of the present study indicate that the most important function of perceived enemy in which invisible domination of discursive systems is inherent include: provocation of the public opinion against the other, nation-building, identification, reconstruction of the collapsed identities, legitimization of expansionist behaviors, winning the support of public opinion, neocolonization, consolidation of political positions and borders, strengthening of the sense of territoriality and patriotism, increasing national activities, diversion of public opinion, satisfaction of inner feelings of the nation, covering up the domestic problems and excitement and consolidation of the morale of insiders.

In order to study the genetic control of resistance to common smut in maize, two resistant inbred lines, K1264/1 and K47/2-2-21 and two susceptible inbred lines, K3304/1-2 and K47/2-2-1-3-3-1, were crossed as K1264/1 × K3304/1-2, K47//2-2-21 × K3304/1-2 and K1264/1 × K47/2-2-1-3-3-1. The F1, F2, BC1 and BC2 progenies were produced and evaluated along with parents using randomized compelet block design with three replications. All generations were artificially inoculated with spordia of Ustilago maydis suspension. Inoculation was carried out 7-10 days after silking through injection of 3 ml of 106 spores/ml fungal suspension, using tip injection method. At maturity, disease severity was determined based on ears infection and analysed according to generation means analysis method for three crosses. Joint scaling test showed that the presence of additive, dominance and epistasis effects, especially additive × additive and dominance × dominance type, and in lesser extent, additive × dominance, in genetic control of resistance to maize common smut. Average broad and narrow-sense heritability based on three crosses data were estimated 80.3 and 57.3, respectively.